5.15 Genetically Modified Plants

• Maize
• Maize which is damaged by cork borer larvae reduces crop yield by 20%
• "BT", a bacteria that contains a chromosome with a gene that, when activated, produces "BT" toxins
• Can kill the cork borer larvae
• The DNA from the BT gene is cut with restriction enzymes
• isolates the desired gene
• Transferred to the cells of the maize plant via 'gene gun'
• Genegun fires a tiny golden pellet coated with DNA 
• DNA contains the desired BT gene
• Fired directly into young plant tissue
• The genetically modified tissue can be grown into new plants
• gives maize resistance againts damage from the cork borer larvae

5.14 Humulin

• The bacterial cell is transformed by the recombinant DNA
• Human DNA for the insulin gene is combined with the plasmid DNA
• A large population of the bacteria is injected into a fermenter
• Necessities
• Provides the right nutrients
• Controls the temperature
• Controls the pH level
• Controls the gases in the fermenting chamber
• Optimum temperature for bacterial growth > population increase + manifacture the protine insulin
• The insulin protein will be manufactured from the amino acid (nutrient protein) by the bacteria
• Necessary to remove the product to carry out purification by downstream processing
• This genetically engineered human insulin is called 'Humulin'

5.13 Recombinant DNA and Hosting Recombinant DNA

• Plasmid
• Found in bacterial cells
• Is a small circular piece of DNA
• Doesn't carry a lot genes
• Virus
• Contains Caspid
• protein shell
• Contains DNA/RNA
• A nucleic acid
• Has no nucleus or cytoplasm
• Human Chromosome 
• Identify the gene (Insulin- Hormone controling the blood sugar levels)
• The selected restriction enzyme cuts the DNA (Cuts the insulin gene)
• Cut the gene
• Isolate the plasmids and cut with the same enzyme
• the plasmids are now open allowing the insulin gene to be mixed
• Vector
• Transfers the gene into the plasmid
• The nucleic acid is removed from the virus to obtain the Caspid protein shell
• The virus takes the plasmids and acts as a vector for the recombiant DNA
• This helps transfer the DNA to the host
• Phage
• A type of virus
• Infects bacteria cells
• The virus is able to insert the recombinant DNA into the host cell by attaching itself to the cell membrane of the bacteria host
• the recombinant DNA and the human gene for insulin is now in the bacteria cell
• This is a combination called 'transgenic

5.9 Fish Farming

• Features that a fish should have
• High protine
• kow fat
• Able to turn nutrients into fish mass efficiently
• Advantages of fish farming
• Can control:
• Quality of water
• Predators
• Can reduce:
• pests
• bacteria
• diseases
• Can contribute to increase in yeild of fish
• Disadvantage
• High density fish = transition of disease
• Leads to the use of Antibiotics
• Pest becomes more common
• Leads to the use of pesticides
• Major concern to human health

5.8 Industrial Fermenter

• Aseptic precaution
• A pipe steam filled pipe
• fed into the fermenter in between session
• To sterilize the fermenter
• Nutrients
• Nutrients are fed in through pipes
• Can be opened or closed using valves
• Optimum Temperature and PH
• Has a sensitive prob to measure each
• Fermentation produces heat
• Fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket
• to prevent over heating
• water circulates and keeps temperature at the most efficient for growth
• PH can be adjusted by adding acids or alkali
• To keep it constant
• Oxygenation and Agitation
• Stirring paddles
• Stirs content
• located in the center of the fermenter
• Keeps microorganisms in suspension in the liquid
• They get more exposure to the nutrients that are fed in
• Agiation helps keep the temperature even in the fermenter

5.7 Yogurt production

Cow->Milk-> Pasteurization(kills bacteria)
                        V
Lactose(Milk sugar)-Incubate 45-46-> Lacticacid -> Lowers PH acidity
                        V
Milk solids solidify -> Yogurt

5.5 Beer production

• Beer
• An alcoholic substance
• Obtained through fermenting yeast in water
• Sugar from plant material is mixed in water
• Barley
• Converts sugar into ethanol and CO2 
• Yeast is a natural catalyst
• Sugar -> ethanol +CO2
• C6H1206 -enzyme in yeast-> 2CH5OH+2CO2
• The barley's starch is broken down into sugar
• Easier for the yeast to ferment it to ethanol
• When the barley seed germinates (Malting), it produces amylase (an enzyme)
• Breaks down starch into maltose
• Used by the yeast as an energy source
• Sugar from the barley is obtained through boiling it
• Hops are then added to adjust the flavor
• Also stops bacteria from growing
• Yeast is then added
• Uses up all oxygen and starts to respire