5.9 Fish Farming

• Features that a fish should have
• High protine
• kow fat
• Able to turn nutrients into fish mass efficiently
• Advantages of fish farming
• Can control:
• Quality of water
• Predators
• Can reduce:
• pests
• bacteria
• diseases
• Can contribute to increase in yeild of fish
• Disadvantage
• High density fish = transition of disease
• Leads to the use of Antibiotics
• Pest becomes more common
• Leads to the use of pesticides
• Major concern to human health

5.8 Industrial Fermenter

• Aseptic precaution
• A pipe steam filled pipe
• fed into the fermenter in between session
• To sterilize the fermenter
• Nutrients
• Nutrients are fed in through pipes
• Can be opened or closed using valves
• Optimum Temperature and PH
• Has a sensitive prob to measure each
• Fermentation produces heat
• Fermenter is surrounded by a water jacket
• to prevent over heating
• water circulates and keeps temperature at the most efficient for growth
• PH can be adjusted by adding acids or alkali
• To keep it constant
• Oxygenation and Agitation
• Stirring paddles
• Stirs content
• located in the center of the fermenter
• Keeps microorganisms in suspension in the liquid
• They get more exposure to the nutrients that are fed in
• Agiation helps keep the temperature even in the fermenter

5.7 Yogurt production

Cow->Milk-> Pasteurization(kills bacteria)
                        V
Lactose(Milk sugar)-Incubate 45-46-> Lacticacid -> Lowers PH acidity
                        V
Milk solids solidify -> Yogurt

5.5 Beer production

• Beer
• An alcoholic substance
• Obtained through fermenting yeast in water
• Sugar from plant material is mixed in water
• Barley
• Converts sugar into ethanol and CO2 
• Yeast is a natural catalyst
• Sugar -> ethanol +CO2
• C6H1206 -enzyme in yeast-> 2CH5OH+2CO2
• The barley's starch is broken down into sugar
• Easier for the yeast to ferment it to ethanol
• When the barley seed germinates (Malting), it produces amylase (an enzyme)
• Breaks down starch into maltose
• Used by the yeast as an energy source
• Sugar from the barley is obtained through boiling it
• Hops are then added to adjust the flavor
• Also stops bacteria from growing
• Yeast is then added
• Uses up all oxygen and starts to respire

5.4 Pest Control and Biological Control

• Pest control
• Pests
• Organisms that reduces the yield of crops
• Damages farming
• Pesticides
• Can be used to kill pests
• Advantages
• Doesn't harm humans, only pests
• Helps to keep the yield strong
• All crops capable
• Easy to apply
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Pest can develop resistance
• Harmful to environment
• Can kill insects
• Pollinating ones are important
• Can wipe out food chain
• Not 100% effective
• Biological control
• Controlling pests through introducing their natural predetors
• Advantages
• No poison involved
• Almost all crops are affected
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Difficult to apply
• Not suitable for allcrops

5.3 Fertilizer

• Fertilisers contain minerals 
• nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
• Helps plants grow Bigger + faster
• Crop yields are increased
• Nitrogen
• Makes protines
• Phosphates
• Make DNA/Membrane structure
• The minerals are dissolved first in water
• Plants can absorb them through the roots
• Active transport
• Types of fertilizer
• Organic Fertilizers
• Made from farmyard feces
• Mixture of animal manure and straw
• Goes through decomposition and fermentation
• Forms "Slurry"
• Applied to the fields afterwards
• Provides the important minerals for growth
• Inorganic/Artificial
• Made from inorganic compounds
• Potassium Nitrate
• Ammonium nitrate
• Formulated to obtain a specific amount carefully
• Applies as a solution with water
• The nitrates are released and absorbed by the roots
• Eutrophication
• Occurs when farmers apply inorganic fertilizers
• other mineral ions lost from removing the crops
• These ions are very soluble
• Easily leached from the soil
• Carried by water
• Can enter water ways
• Levels of the nitrates increases rapidly in lakes and rivers
• Increase in mineral ions
• Eutrophication
• Natural process resulting in bad waterways
• Due to the leaching ions
• Process
• Nitrate levels increase
• algae rreproduce rapidly
• Using the nitrates to make extra proteins
• Produces algai bloom
• Algea prevents light penetrating into water
• Plants unable to photosynthesize
• Dies
• Bacteria decay on dead plants
• Alge also dies
• Lack of nitrates
• The bacteria reproduces
• large amount of dead matter
• The water becomes anoxic
• without oxygen
• All life in the water dies

5.2 Crop Yields and CO2

• Rate of P/S
• CO2 + H2O -> Glucose + Oxygen
• Glucose -> Starch
• Increasing CO2 -> Increases the rate of reaction of P/S
• Higher Yeild
• Optimum Temperature
• Increasing temperature ->  Increases the rate of reaction of P/S
• Higher Yeild
• Optimum Temperature

5.1 Glasshouses

• Glasshouses are used to improve yield of crop

• Giving best possible conditions for photosynthesis
• Allows plants to grow earlier in the year
• Allows plants to grow in places in which they are not native to
• Can be controlled/manage via computer
• Conditions
• Temperature
• The sunlight heats the inside of the glass house
• The glass keeps the heat inside
• Electric/paraffin heaters can be used in cold weather
• Ventilators can cool the inside when too hot
• Light
• The glass lets sunlight in
• Artificial lights can be used when there is little/no sunlight
• Sunlight can be controlled using blinds
• Water
• Automatic watering systems can be installed
• Humidifiers can be installed to control the humidity