4.7 Energy efficiency

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEqQAITpnbc&feature=related

• Energy pyramid - Producer 100% > Primary 10% > Secondary 1% of the producer
• Losses - Energy is lost due to growth, reparation and movement of the organism
• Sometimes the energy are excreted due to it being indigestible
• Owl gets 10% of the mouse's energy and 1% of the grass the the mouse digested before
• Microorganisms break down the remains of the deceased organisms in the end
• Cycle repeats

4.6 Energy and substances in food chains

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ2JNQen86g&feature=related

• The producer creates chemical energy from light energy and the consumers create chemical  energy from the producer
• Organic molecules - transferred from producer to consumer to consumer ex: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
• The consumed energy  now goes to the organism's growth,  repair, and processes
• The energy changes depending on the organism
• The energy is located in between the  bonds of the organic molecules.

4.5 Food Chains & Webs

4.5a Food Chains

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=df9YZUjSRJw&feature=related

4.5b Food Webs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQwZjfONqyQ&feature=related

• Food chain - Links producer to the primary consumer etc.
• 1 organism  per trophic level
• Cannot show organisms being omnivore and feeding of more than 1 organism
• Shows flow of matter and energy

• Food web - shows better view of the ecosystem
• Shows the feeding between the communities in the ecosystem
• Different Tropic levels
• Multiple predators
• Multiple prey
• Linked
• Producer (Grass) > Primary consumers (Small herbivorous) > Secondary (Small birds) >Tertiary (Large birds)

4.4 Trophic Levels

4.4 Trophic Levels
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua_ZKHPvqSw&feature=related

• Trophic - feed - different feeding levels
• Plant= Photosynthesis -> Fly=Plant -> Flycatcher=Fly -> Hawk=Flycatcher
• Producers                Primary consumer Secondary consumer  Tertiary Consumer
• Light energy > Chemical Energy > Chemical Energy > Chemical Energy
• Death - Decomposer - recycling of molecules ex: Fungi, Bacteria  
• Decomposes deceased organisms in to nitrates

4.2 Quadrates & 4.3 Quadrates samples

4.2 Quadrates

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1goTbXOuic&feature=related

4.3 Quadrates samples

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64NOXf-N-aY&feature=related

Quadrats - Sampling different locations to compare the population of the locations

Quadrating - Griding the ecosystem with squares of 0.25m - 1m

Quadrat- To sample locations and estimating populations

Sample

Random (biased)

 Representative (Large) - Get as much of the population toget most accurate estimate)

[

- After the field work, we tabulate the scores into a table.

-Then we add up the numbers then divide by the number of quadrates.

- this would give us the number of daisies per square meter.

Using this technique we can not only estimate the number of daisies in the whole field but could also compare it with the number of other fields.]
(EXTRACTED FROM http://aufarbiology.blogspot.com/  )

4.1 Ecosystems

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hx8AO14cVro

• Habitat- Abiotic, non biological factors, of the area
• Light
• Temp
• Rainfall
• Humidity
• Slope
• Geology
• Community of Organisms- Populations of different species
• Species- Organisms that reproduce fertile offsprings